About subendocardial sclerosis

What is subendocardial sclerosis?

General Discussion

Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) is a rare heart disorder that affects infants and children. It is characterized by a thickening within the muscular lining of the heart chambers due to an increase in the amount of supporting connective tissue (inelastic collagen) and elastic fibers. The normal heart has four chambers. Two chambers, known as atria, are separated from each other by a partition called the atrial septum. The other two chambers, known as ventricles, are also separated by a septum. Valves connect the atria (left and right) to their respective ventricles. The symptoms of endocardial fibroelastosis are related to the overgrowth of fibrous tissues causing abnormal enlargement of the heart (cardiac hypertrophy), especially the left ventricle. Impaired heart and lung function eventually lead to congestive heart failure. Endocardial fibroelastosis may occur for no apparent reason (sporadic) or may be inherited as an X-linked (EFE2) or autosomal recessive (EFE1) genetic trait.

What are the symptoms for subendocardial sclerosis?

Grunting sounds while breathing symptom was found in the subendocardial sclerosis condition

The symptoms of endocardial fibroelastosis begin rapidly, generally between the ages of 4 and 12 months. Symptoms are due to the overgrowth of fibrous tissue and thickening of the lining of the hearts’ chambers (i.e., endocardium and subendocardium), especially the left ventricle. In some very rare cases of EFE, the left ventricle is small (hypoplastic) or of normal size and the right ventricle is enlarged.

The most common symptoms of endocardial fibroelastosis include Difficulty breathing (dyspnea), breathlessness, grunting sounds during breathing, coughing, Irritability, Weakness, and/or a pale facial appearance (pallor). Other symptoms may include Fatigue, Failure to thrive, increased Sweating, an abnormal blue skin coloration on the feet and hands (peripheral cyanosis), and/or wheezing.

Infants and children with endocardial fibroelastosis may have unusual chest sounds that can be heard during a physician’s examination with a stethoscope. Bubbling, moist sounds (rales) suggest fluid accumulation in the airways. Unusual heart sounds (murmurs) are also typically present in children with EFE. Excessive backward flow of blood from the left ventricle, through the mitral valve and into the left atrium (mitral regurgitation) is also a common finding in children with this disorder. Symptoms of mitral regurgitation may include heart palpitation and intolerance to exercise.

Life-threatening complications associated with endocardial fibroelastosis may develop, including an abnormally rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), irregular heart rhythms (atrial and ventricular arrhythmias), and/or congestive heart failure (congestive cardiomyopathy).

What are the causes for subendocardial sclerosis?

Some cases of endocardial fibroelastosis occur as a result of random changes (mutations), with no apparent cause (sporadic). These cases are known as endocardial fibroelastosis 1 (EFE1). Others cases are thought to be inherited as an X-linked recessive genetic trait. These cases are known as endocardial fibroelastosis 2 (EFE2). In EFE1, neither the chromosome nor the precise location of the mutated gene on that chromosome have been determined. In EFE2, the mutated gene is located on the X chromosome, but its precise location is not known.

Chromosomes, which are present in the nucleus of human cells, carry the genetic information for each individual. Human body cells normally have 46 chromosomes. Pairs of human chromosomes are numbered from 1 through 22 and the sex chromosomes are designated X and Y. Males have one X and one Y chromosome and females have two X chromosomes. Each chromosome has a short arm designated “p” and a long arm designated “q”. Chromosomes are further sub-divided into many bands that are numbered. For example, “chromosome 11p13” refers to band 13 on the short arm of chromosome 11. The numbered bands specify the location of the thousands of genes that are present on each chromosome.

Genetic diseases are determined by the combination of genes for a particular trait that are on the chromosomes received from the father and the mother.

Recessive genetic disorders occur when an individual inherits the same abnormal gene for the same trait from each parent. If an individual receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk for two carrier parents to both pass the defective gene and, therefore, have an affected child is 25% with each pregnancy. The risk to have a child who is a carrier like the parents is 50% with each pregnancy. The chance for a child to receive normal genes from both parents and be genetically normal for that particular trait is 25%. The risk is the same for males and females.

All individuals carry 4-5 abnormal genes. Parents who are close relatives (consanguineous) have a higher chance than unrelated parents to both carry the same abnormal gene, which increases the risk to have children with a recessive genetic disorder.

Dominant genetic disorders occur when only a single copy of an abnormal gene is necessary for the appearance of the disease. The abnormal gene can be inherited from either parent, or can be the result of a new mutation (gene change) in the affected individual. The risk of passing the abnormal gene from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.

X-linked recessive genetic disorders are conditions caused by an abnormal gene on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes but one of the X chromosomes is “turned off” and all of the genes on that chromosome are inactivated. Females who have a disease gene present on one of their X chromosomes are carriers for that disorder. Carrier females usually do not display symptoms of the disorder because it is usually the X chromosome with the abnormal gene that is “turned off”. A male has one X chromosome and if he inherits an X chromosome that contains a disease gene, he will develop the disease. Males with X-linked disorders pass the disease gene to all of their daughters, who will be carriers. A male cannot pass an X-linked gene to his sons because males always pass their Y chromosome instead of their X chromosome to male offspring. Female carriers of an X-linked disorder have a 25% chance with each pregnancy to have a carrier daughter like themselves, a 25% chance to have a non-carrier daughter, a 25% chance to have a son affected with the disease, and a 25% chance to have an unaffected son.

X-linked dominant disorders are also caused by an abnormal gene on the X chromosome, but in these rare conditions, females with an abnormal gene are affected with the disease. Males with an abnormal gene are more severely affected than females, and many of these males do not survive.

Other cases of endocardial fibroelastosis are thought to occur in association with other metabolic defects, such as Barth syndrome or carnitine deficiency syndromes. (See Related Disorders section of this report.)

What are the treatments for subendocardial sclerosis?

Treatment

Infants who are diagnosed early in the course of the disease respond more favorably to treatment than those who are not diagnosed until substantial heart damage has already occurred. Treatment for EFE is essentially the same as for chronic heart failure. A variety of drugs may be used to help control congestive heart failure that is associated with EFE, and to reduce heart rate and improve the ability of the heart to contract. Diuretics may be used to eliminate fluids from the body. Drugs that help maintain normal heart rhythm (i.e., antiarrhythmics) may be administered to correct arrhythmias. Medications that prevent the clotting of blood (anticoagulants) may also be necessary. Prolonged bed rest may facilitate healing of myocardial lesions since the heart is working at a reduced load when a person rests.

For some children with advanced illness, heart transplantation may be the treatment of last resort.

Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.

What are the risk factors for subendocardial sclerosis?

Subendocardial sclerosis is a rare but fatal form of heart disease. It refers to the hardening of the heart's inner lining, known as the endocardium, which can lead to heart failure and cardiac arrest if left untreated. It has a high mortality rate and typically affects infants and children.

Although the precise cause of this disease is unknown, the following risk factors can increase your chances of developing subendocardial sclerosis:

  • Develops in people with a genetic predisposition (family history of heart disease, genetic disorder, and infections linked to other heart ailments).
  • Cocaine use or viral infection can act as a trigger for disease
  • People with diabetes are more likely to develop this condition.
  • People with rheumatic heart disease and other inflammatory conditions may be more likely to develop this disease.
  • The patient's age, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and smoking habits can catalyze the onset of symptoms.
  • It could be caused by other medical conditions like coronary artery disease, cardiac hypertrophy, or valvular heart disease.

Symptoms
Chest pain,Dyspnea (breathing difficulty),Shortness of breath,Breathlessness,Grunting sounds while breathing,Coughing,Irritability,Weakness,Pale facial appearance (pallor),Fatigue,Failure to thrive,Sweating,Abnormal blue skin coloration on the feet and hands (peripheral cyanosis),Wheezing

Conditions
Arrhythmia,Heart failure,Heart attack,Stroke

Drugs
Diuretics,Antiarrhythmics,Coagulants

Is there a cure/medications for subendocardial sclerosis?

Subendocardial sclerosis is a relatively uncommon heart condition. It affects the subendocardium, which is the heart's innermost layer.

  • The treatment for subendocardial sclerosis (SS) is essentially the same as for chronic heart failure and is frequently aimed at lowering heart rate and improving heart flexibility.
  • Diuretics may be used to remove fluids from the body.
  • Antiarrhythmics (drugs that help maintain normal heart rhythm) may be used to correct arrhythmias.
  • Anticoagulants (drugs that prevent blood clotting) may also be used.
  • Lifestyle changes can prevent 90% of heart attacks. For a healthier heart, the •American Heart Association recommends the following:
  • Not smoking
  • Not being overweight
  • Being very active (walking at least 20 minutes a day)
  • Eating healthier
  • Having below-average cholesterol
  • Having normal blood sugar levels
  • Having normal blood pressure
  • For some children with advanced illness, the only recourse will be heart transplantation, as the illness has already run its course.
  • Genetic counseling may be essential for patients and their families. Other forms of treatment are symptomatic and palliative.

Symptoms
Chest pain,Dyspnea (breathing difficulty),Shortness of breath,Breathlessness,Grunting sounds while breathing,Coughing,Irritability,Weakness,Pale facial appearance (pallor),Fatigue,Failure to thrive,Sweating,Abnormal blue skin coloration on the feet and hands (peripheral cyanosis),Wheezing

Conditions
Arrhythmia,Heart failure,Heart attack,Stroke

Drugs
Diuretics,Antiarrhythmics,Coagulants

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